As more frequent and intense heat waves expose animals to temperatures outside their normal limits, an international team led by researchers from the University of Bristol studied more than 100 species of insects to better understand how these changes will likely affect them.

Insects – which are as important as pollinators, crop pests and vectors of disease – are particularly vulnerable to temperature extremes. One of the ways insects can cope with such extremes is through acclimatization, where prior thermal exposure extends their critical thermal limits. Acclimatization can trigger physiological changes such as the upregulation of heat shock proteins and lead to changes in the composition of phospholipids in the cell membrane.

The team found that the insects struggled to do this effectively, revealing that acclimatization of the upper and lower critical thermal limits was low — for every 1°C change in exposure, the limits were only adjusted of 0.092°C and 0.147°C respectively (i.e. only a small offset of 10 or 15%).

They did, however, find that juvenile insects have a greater ability to acclimate, pointing out that there may be critical periods of life during a heat wave that can improve later resilience.

Lead author Hester Weaving, from Bristol’s School of Biological Sciences, said: “As temperature extremes become more intense and frequent in our warming world, many insects will have to rely on the shift to new ranges or on modifying their behavior to cope, rather than being able to physiologically tolerate wider temperatures.

“Our comparative study has identified some major gaps in understanding insect responses to climate change and we urge more studies of species in underrepresented groups and locations.”

The team is currently investigating how insect reproduction is affected by exposure to temperature extremes, as this may be more important in predicting future distributions than measures of performance or survival.

Financial support was provided by the Royal Society, BBSRC and a pump priming grant from Bristol University’s GCRF.

Source of the story:

Material provided by University of Bristol. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

A brief mention of solutions was also made by EPA Administrator Michael Regan in the September 7 edition of The ReidOut.

Neither of MSNBC’s climate segments also mentioned the potential for continued outages.

Together, CNN and MSNBC mentioned climate change in 13 of 76 segments (17%). As with the broadcast networks, we can see that CNN and MSNBC have taken a step back on climate reporting by comparing this latest show to their performance earlier this summer. From July 16-18, these networks mentioned climate change in 32% of segments on global extreme heat.

Fox News poked fun at the disaster and its causes

Fox aired 13 segments on the heat wave. Only 1 of them – the September 7 edition of Outnumbered – mentioned climate change. Pushing back against the idea that California’s climate policies are responsible for California’s network problems, Fox News contributor Jessica Tarlov said, “I find it amazing the last two days of conversation about what’s going on have totally missed the most important element of this, which is the impact of climate change and these heat waves and droughts. Tarlov also pointed out that California is no longer able to import as much energy from neighboring western states as before, due to the record heat wave and drought affecting the entire region.

Tarlov’s point is correct – Fox News has spent the majority of this heat wave bashing California for its clean energy and climate policies.

When the heat wave first emerged in late August, Fox News poked fun at California’s recent regulations that ban the sale of new gas-powered cars by 2035. This despite the fact that the regulations aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions that aggravate heat waves such as these.

More recently, Fox News focused its heatwave coverage on the state’s strained power grid, which network personalities say is unreliable due to an overreliance on renewables — while failing to recognize that our energy infrastructure is ill-prepared for these types of climate-fueled events. 6 of Fox’s 13 heat wave segments took place on September 7 and featured these kinds of attacks on California’s climate policies, despite the fact that The California network resisted.

Tucker Carlson tonight led a segment essentially blaming clean energy for California’s allegedly failing grid system. This repeated itself for Hanity, with Fox reporter Trace Gallagher stating, “There are a few other issues with California’s already broken grid system. Hydropower is down because water levels are down. Solar power is in place which helps during the day, but the state does not have enough battery to store solar power. … That’s why most of the time and especially at night the grid is powered by good old fashioned fossil fuels.

Other notable examples from September 7 did not count in the data as heat wave segments, as the primary focus of the discussion was to disparage California’s energy grid and renewables. These examples, however, are worth including here as they illustrate how Fox covered California’s power grid problems while failing to adequately report on the climate-fueled event that caused them. caused. For example, the September 7 edition of The five discussed the heatwave with the “Green Energy Nightmare” chyron, with co-host Greg Gutfeld taking the nonsensical rhetoric even further by claiming, “It wasn’t climate change that did this, it was activists of climate change that have plagued the dialogue with hysteria for 30, 40, maybe 50 years…. If you removed the constant hyperbole, someone like me would have been on your side.

Later that evening, Jesse Watters threw climate denial on Jesse Watters in prime time, erroneously stating that solar energy “barely powers anyone’s home”, then ended by claiming that “Newsom’s 100% green mandate is about as smart as COVID mandates”. Finally, Sean Hannity moderated a panel discussion that focused solely on grid issues.

This shows that as climate-fueled extreme weather disasters escalate, Fox News’ climate denialism and willingness to do anything to protect fossil fuels will also increase. For them, it is more important to criticize the idea of ​​a cleaner energy future than to act on worries about record temperatures.

There’s no excuse for dwindling climate coverage as disasters happen non-stop

We’ve seen a summer of intense and deadly weather disasters around the world, with The New York Times writing that “climate change has made extreme weather increasingly normal.” Networks should clarify the link between climate change and these disasters, not obscure it. NASA climatologist Peter Kalmus perhaps best explained the media’s silence on this issue:

MOMBASA, Kenya (AP) — Rich nations have said they will spend an estimated $25 billion by 2025 to boost Africa’s efforts to adapt to climate change as the continent continues to battle drought , cyclones and extreme heat, officials said at a summit in Rotterdam in the Netherlands on Monday.

The amount pledged by the Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program – a joint initiative between various countries and organizations – is billed as the largest adaptation effort ever in the world. Half of the amount is pledged by the African Development Bank with representatives from Denmark, the UK, France, the Netherlands, the International Monetary Fund and others also offering their support for the initiative.

The continent emits only 3% to 4% of emissions despite being home to almost 17% of the world’s population, but experts say it is particularly vulnerable to climate change because it is less able to adapt. African nations hope to use the funds to improve their resilience to extreme weather events, such as droughts or floods, increase tree cover and protect biodiversity, as well as develop their renewable energy capacity.

The summit comes just weeks after the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development found that rich countries had failed to deliver on their 2009 pledge to spend $100 billion a year to help developing countries adapt. to global warming. The organization said $83.3 billion was given to the poorest countries in 2020, the highest sum on record, but still below the original amount.

If the funds pledged at the Rotterdam summit are forthcoming, the decades-old goal will finally be met, but African nations warn it will not be enough.

“Africa does not have the resources to fight climate change,” Akinwumi Adesina, president of the African Development Bank, said at the summit. “The continent only receives 3% of total climate finance.”

Africa will need $1.3-1.6 trillion this decade to implement its commitments to the Paris climate accord, an annual cost of between $140 billion and $300 billion, Adesina said. He added that the costs of adapting to climate change are expected to increase by 2050 as the effects of global warming worsen.

Ghanaian President Nana Akufo Addo has said his country will push for funds for adaptation to a warmer climate to be doubled at the upcoming UN summit in Egypt in November.

After decades of developed countries failing to deliver on their funding promises, many African countries remain skeptical about the arrival of funds on the continent.

The United Nations High-Level Champion on Climate Change for Egypt, Mahmoud Mohieldin, said the existing global climate finance structure is “insufficient and inefficient”, especially for Africa.

Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, who visited Gilgit-Baltistan on Friday to review rescue and relief activities as well as the extent of the losses caused by the flash floods, announced a $3 billion rehabilitation grant. rupees for people affected by floods in Britain.

On this occasion, the Prime Minister announced plans and programs on behalf of the Federal Government for rapid relief and rehabilitation of those affected in addition to the reconstruction of damaged roads.

Gilgit-Baltistan is directly linked to the ongoing natural calamity in different parts of Pakistan, as the melting of its glaciers is one of the major causes of floods and resulting losses.

The Prime Minister was right to visit the region and direct relevant agencies to strengthen relief and rehabilitation efforts, as it would give a sense of satisfaction to people living in remote areas hard hit by rains and floods.

However, we hope that the authorities concerned have informed him of the real causes of the disaster and the need for long-term investment to meet the challenge of climate change, which is taking on threatening dimensions with implications for the economy and the environment. agriculture in general.

The northern region is sometimes called the “third pole” – it contains more glacial ice than anywhere in the world outside the polar regions, but it is melting at a rapid rate due to global warming, which is also causing more rains due to more evaporation.

There is a sense of injustice in Pakistan as the country is responsible for less than 1% (0.4% to be precise) of the gases that warm plants globally, but its geography makes it the eighth most vulnerable country. to the climate crisis, paying a heavy price. not only with lives but also destroyed schools, homes, roads, bridges and farmlands.

The scenes of devastation the world is witnessing in Pakistan these days owe their existence to 1.2 degrees Celsius of global warming since industrialization, but the world is on track for more than two degrees Celsius warming, with scientists warning that every fraction of a degree of warming will worsen the impact of the crisis.

The issue has also been highlighted by CNN, BBC and Amnesty International, but one wonders why we have not been able to educate the international community about the effects of climate change on Pakistan and the urgent need to provide resources not only for the adaptation to climate change, but also to cope with the consequences of this extreme change.

We have a full-fledged ministry and it should conduct a thorough study on the subject and its findings should form a concrete basis to seriously address the issue with the global community.

Unfortunately, bilateral and multilateral donors have so far been reluctant to provide funding for water storage due to regional and global politics, despite the fact that these reservoirs have an established role in minimizing harm.

The construction of dams and the diversion of watercourses, where possible, should be part of the study and the future action plan.

Trees nearly surround the North Pole, with vast forests stretching across Scandinavia, northern Scotland, Greenland, Canada, Alaska and – largest expanse of uninterrupted forest – northern Siberia and the Russian Far East. In The Treeline: The Last Forest and the Future of Life on EarthBen Rawlence travels to remote settlements along the treeline, tracing the gradual northward shift of forests into lands that were once too cold to support tree growth.

As the world grapples with the climate crisis, the importance of the world’s northern forests can hardly be overstated. After the oceans, it is the second largest biome in the world: it covers a fifth of the globe and contains a third of its trees. He also has – despite the ravages of logging and ever more frequent forest fires – has survived better than the Amazon, which according to one of Rawlence’s interviewees, author, medical biochemist and botanist Diana Beresford-Kroeger, is “finished”, while other rainforests are “severely degraded”. . This leaves the northern boreal forest as the “last forest” in the world.

However, climate change is also wreaking havoc in the Far North. The position of the Arctic treeline broadly follows the line around the globe where the average summer temperature is 10°C, but this no longer coincides with the Arctic Circle. Large forests move north as the land warms, invading the tundra in the north, while some southern parts of the forest become dry steppes. The place where Rawlence begins his journey, the Scottish Cairngorms, will be well south of the tree line by the end of the century.

Even in the northernmost forest on the planet, in Ary Mas in Russia’s far north, things are changing. Deep in the Arctic Circle, Rawlence reaches Ary Mas after a grueling journey across the tundra and frozen sea, finding a mixture of nostalgia for the old way of life and welcoming of new technologies among the Dolgans. Although the changes observed by residents of the region are minimal, there are clear differences: new species of birds migrating north, daisies and dragonflies appearing on the tundra.

Climate change is accelerating

Climate change is happening much faster than expected in Siberia; the wildfires seen in 2020 were not predicted until four decades later. That year, temperatures broke records and a massive toxic spill from oil tanks in the Arctic city of Norilsk was caused at least in part by melting permafrost.

Worrisome developments continued in 2021 and 2022. Wildfires in taiga forests in Siberia and the Far East in 2021 were unprecedented, covering an area of ​​at least 18.8 million hectares, and for the first time the smoke from the fires reached the North Pole.

This summer, attention has been diverted to the war in Ukraine, but forests are still burning and states of emergency have been declared in seven Russian regions. The western part of the country was not spared either; In late August, fires south of Moscow blanketed the capital in smog.

At the Sukachev Institute in Krasnoyarsk – where the author arrives on an abnormally hot month of February – Rawlence interviews Nadezhda Tchebakova, a scientist modeling future scenarios for Siberian forests.

Chebakova’s model, based on scenarios from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), predicts that while the northern tree will shift slightly poleward, “the real change has been the southern boundary of With increasing drought and more frequent fires, the steppe in central Asia was expected to expand, consuming the burnt taiga as it went, preventing it from regenerating.

The increased frequency of fires – which used to erupt between five and 30 years apart and are now annual events – means that instead of forests growing back after fires, trees don’t come back.

Modified forests

An important point made by Rawlence is that simply having more trees further north is not a solution to climate change.

“Although the boreal forest is the planet’s greatest source of oxygen, more trees there do not necessarily mean more carbon sequestered from the atmosphere,” he writes.

“As trees invade frozen tundra, they accelerate the melting of permafrost, frozen soils that contain enough greenhouse gases (GHGs) to accelerate global warming beyond anything scientists have modeled.”

The new northern forests and those that regrow after fires are not the same as the old forests; their structure is radically different. In Siberia, Scots pine replaces larch at burn sites, leading to a reduction in the carbon that forests can hold. Of the carbon dioxide that the taiga sequesters, the larch is responsible for absorbing 55%, even though less than 40% of the trees are larch.

This leads to a major hole in many models, which rely on fixed assumptions about how much carbon dioxide forests can store. However, “a warming forest is less efficient at carbon cycling and sequestration,” warns Rawlence, citing a study that indicates that by 2040, forests will absorb only half the amount of carbon dioxide. they are currently absorbing.

In some of the other changes he sees, the aggressive growth of trees in northern Scandinavia is putting reindeer herding at risk, because reindeer need old-growth forests that take 160 years to grow. Scots pines release their seeds earlier, disrupting the seasonal cycles of the forest. In Alaska, trees turn brown as warm air sucks moisture from their leaves.

Open Arctic

Chebakova predicts, as quoted by Rawlance, that by 2100 50% or more of Siberia’s forest will become steppe. The southern limit of forests will shift about 1,000 km to the north, making about 85% of Siberia suitable for agriculture.

Global warming is already opening up the Arctic economy. Among the developments listed by Rawlance are wind farms inside the Arctic Circle in Norway, the expansion of RusAgro wheat farms near Vladivostok and the opening of Arctic shipping routes.

At the same time, while large swaths of the Arctic are set to become habitable for humans this century, the reverse is happening farther south. By 2070, an estimated 3 billion people will live in areas where it will be too hot to work outside or sleep without air conditioning. A wave of emigration from the south to the north – including in arctic regions – is planned.

Cruel feedback loops

Many examples are emerging of what Rawlence calls “cruel feedback loops,” where a change precipitates new developments that accelerate the process of climate change.

Thus the blackening of the glaciers in Greenland leads them to absorb more heat and accelerates the melting. Another example is that Siberian rivers now discharge 15% more water into the Arctic Ocean than a decade ago, which in turn changes the salinity of the ocean.

And, as the book documents, wildfires, a warmer climate, and the steady northward movement of forests are melting permafrost, which stores more carbon than humans have released since they began. to burn fossil fuels.

An international collaboration is developing coating materials that could make windows better insulators.

TSUKUBA, Japan, September 1, 2022 – (ACN Newswire) – A Franco-Japanese research collaboration has fabricated metallic nanocomposite coatings that improve the insulating properties of window panes. The new coating blocks a significant portion of near infrared (NIR) and ultraviolet (UV) rays from passing through, while allowing visible light to pass through. The results were published in the journal Science and Technology of Advanced Materials.

The nanoclusters are dispersed in a PVP matrix which is then coated on ITO glass to block NIR and UV rays while allowing visible light to pass through.

“Although manufacturing a commercial product is still a long way to go, our work has demonstrated a significant improvement in UV and NIR blocking properties compared to previous research,” says Fabien Grasset, Solid State Chemist, Director of research at the French National Center for Scientific Research. Research (CNRS).

“Buildings account for a large portion of global energy consumption,” Grasset explains, “with a large portion of a standard building’s annual energy consumption going to cooling and/or heating systems to maintain temperatures. interior at comfortable levels.” Scientists are looking for ways to develop window glass coatings that can block the entry of NIR radiation so that buildings, and even cars, can use less energy to keep it cool inside. However, this must be done in a way that still allows visible light to enter. Ideally, harmful UV rays would also be blocked.

To this end, the Franco-Japanese international research collaboration fabricated and analyzed the performance of nanocomposites based on niobium-tantalum cluster compounds containing chloride or bromide ions.

They found that chloride-based nanoclusters offered the best performance in terms of blocking NIR and UV rays and passing visible light. The blocking of NIR and UV by the nanoclusters depended on their concentration, dispersion and oxidation state. By adjusting these parameters, the team was able to improve the performance of the nanocluster.

The nanoclusters were dispersed in a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) matrix which was then coated onto indium tin oxide (ITO) glass. The combination increased the transmission of visible light while reducing that of NIR and UV rays, compared to previous research. “These are very promising coating materials that block the most troublesome NIR wavelengths,” says Grasset.

“We have a long history of Franco-Japanese collaboration,” he continues. “We were already convinced that we are stronger by working together by mixing our different cultures and ways of thinking. The international LINK project has reinforced this conviction. We will continue to do our best to make further progress towards finding solutions to the problem of global warming. “

More information
Fabien Grasset
National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)
E-mail: [email protected]

Research paper: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14686996.2022.2105659

About Advanced Materials Science and Technology (STAM)

The open access journal STAM publishes outstanding research articles on all aspects of materials science, including functional and structural materials, theoretical analyses, and material properties. https://www.tandfonline.com/STAM

For more information about STAM, contact
Dr Mikiko Tanifuji
Director of publication STAM
E-mail: [email protected]

Press release distributed by Asia Research News for Advanced Materials Science and Technology.

The Far North boreal forests are the largest forest region in the world. These ecosystems are extremely important for capturing carbon. Unfortunately, research shows that climate change is already having a positive and negative impact on northern forests.

Boreal forests are composed mainly of coniferous species such as spruce, fir and pine. There are also some much less common hardwoods like oak and maple. Experts have determined that global warming is likely causing a decrease in the growth of conifers, as well as an increase in the growth of hardwoods.

These observational studies have recently been confirmed and enriched by a rare experimental study on the impact of climate change on northern forests.

Nine native boreal tree species were planted and grown under different conditions. Some of the trees were left alone as witnesses. Others were grown with elevated temperatures of two hypothetical amounts: 1.6 degrees Celsius (2.9 degrees Fahrenheit) and 3.1 C (5.6 F) above natural temperatures. Some of the trees were covered with tarps before the storms to mimic a reduction in rainfall.

The results of the analysis showed that even moderate climate change is likely to have negative impacts on boreal forest composition.

The study’s lead author, Paul Reich, is director of the Institute for Global Change Biology at the University of Michigan’s School for Environment and Sustainability and a forest ecologist at the University of Minnesota.

“Our results pose challenges for the health and diversity of future regional forests,” Reich said. “The current southern boreal forest could reach a tipping point with even modest global warming, leading to a major compositional shift with potential negative impacts on regional forest health and diversity.”

“These impacts could reduce the ability of our forests to produce timber, support other plant, microbial and animal diversity, mitigate flooding and – perhaps most important of all – remove carbon from the air. and hold it in the wood and the ground.”

The researchers found that high temperatures increased the mortality rate of nine tree species and the growth rate of seven of the trees. This suggests that there will be change in boreal forests in the future and the potential incursion of invasive species already into temperate forests.

The study is published in the journal Nature.

—

By Erin Moody , Terre.com Personal editor

In the famous vineyards of Bordeaux, France’s most renowned wine region, something is unusual. The harvest, which begins in mid-September, will start in mid-August this year due to extreme climate change, drought and the unpredictable consequences of climate change on the wine industry.

Despite lower yields, the season of extreme heat waves and wildfires produced excellent, juicy and large grapes. However, obtaining such crops required innovative growing methods, such as pruning the wine differently and watering them occasionally in places where irrigation is often prohibited.

Moreover, growers across Europe are very concerned about what lies ahead. Fabien Teitgen, a producer, said: “Global warming is very positive. We have a better maturity, a better balance. … But if you look ahead, and if you raise the temperature one more degree, in addition, you will lose the freshness that contributes to the balance of the wine,” reports AP.

Read also | No water for plants during a drought? You can give them alcohol

French winemakers fear that more frost could interrupt the growing season as the first buds are produced by warmer winters. A year’s worth of work can be destroyed in a severe hailstorm in minutes.

Many employees kneel in the courtyards to hand-pick the grapes as they are harvested. The wine-making process begins as soon as the fruit is crushed to make juice, which is then poured into vats and barrels. The harvest is destined to give birth to the famous wine of Pessac-Léognan.

The wine industry has changed a lot because of the drought. Winemakers used to shape wines to allow the grapes to receive as much sun as possible so that more sugar could be turned into alcohol.

Read also | A single dose of alcohol also causes ‘cellular changes’ in the brain, study finds

Another producer, Eric Perrin, said the 2022 harvest was the best yet as the grapes are strong and balanced. In addition, hot, dry wines protected against diseases such as mold. He further showed his concerns for small-scale fishermen, as he thinks they might not be able to adapt to the changes.

Scientists have long believed that the increased frequency of extreme weather events is the result of human-induced climate change. As a series of heat waves and lack of rain affected most of Europe, huge pine trees were completely destroyed by the flames in the Bordeaux region of southwestern France.

From late June to mid-August, there was no rain.

(With agency contributions)

Yves Couvreur traces the lineage of his family of winegrowers in Champagne through nearly a dozen generations up to 1644.

But it’s only since he took over the business in the 1980s that the agricultural calendar has changed dramatically, with grapes being harvested earlier and earlier due to hotter summers brought on by climate change.

“This is the seventh time since 2003 that we have started the harvest in August,” he said on a scorching afternoon at his wine estate in the village of Rilly-la-Montagne, overlooking the vineyards that stretch to the cathedral city of Reims. . “Before, it only happened twice.”

Couvreur said he plans to start harvesting on his six and a half hectares by the middle of next week.

The advance of three to four weeks on the date of Vintage the traditional September harvest – in the past, the harvest sometimes started until October – is no small feat for Champagne. The grapes are picked by hand and winemakers must hire and often find accommodation for the more than 100,000 temporary workers who do the work.

Other French wine regions are also affected, after one of the hottest and driest European summers on record.

Some eastern Beaujolais vintners complain that their grapes have shrunk due to the extreme heat and dry weather. In the south, there are vineyards where the grapes were harvested at the earliest dates on record, some like the Champ des Soeurs in Fitou starting in July.

French winegrowers are responding to the challenge posed by climate change by adapting cultivation and winemaking practices. The Champagne region, east of Paris, has the advantage of being on the northern edge of where grapes for wine have traditionally been considered a viable crop.

Laurent Panigai, wine expert and agronomist at the head of the General Union of Champagne Winegrowers, said that using a 10-year moving average, harvest dates started to move forward from 1987 with global warming. .

Yet a changing climate brings certain benefits when it comes to winemaking. “Because the vine is a Mediterranean plant and Champagne is to the north. . . we are looking at a very good harvest in terms of volume and quality,” he said.

Winemakers further south in Burgundy and around the western city of Bordeaux are also predicting a good year. Fabienne Bony in Nuits-Saint-Georges said she was looking forward to a decent yield after back-to-back harvests were hit first by the 2020 drought and then by a savage frost that damaged vines the following spring. “We’ve been really feeling climate change since 2003,” she added.

Grape growers and wine experts say the challenge for all regions in the face of hotter summers and earlier harvests would be to balance the sugar and alcohol, usually boosted by the sun and heat, and the acidity that is generally reduced by them – along with the other components that contribute to the complex taste of wine, all of which are affected by temperature and maturation time.

“Climate change is upsetting these balances,” said Jean-Marc Touzard of the National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, which has studied strategies for the wine industry to respond to the global warming.

These include more irrigation, new pruning and weeding methods that protect plant and soil moisture without encouraging fungus, and the introduction of more heat-tolerant grape varieties. Unknown Greek and Italian varieties such as Agiorgitiko, Assyrtiko and Nero d’Avola are already being tested in the south of France.

For some, it is a question of moving the vines to higher ground or even outside traditional wine-growing areas.

Taittinger, the French champagne house, has followed global warming north and invested in the production of sparkling wine in the south of England.

But champagne producers insist they can weather the threats to their livelihood. “Even with climate change, we can still have champagnes that keep their freshness,” Panigai said. “Having more sun gives us more leeway to improve the champagne.”

As for the English, “we need competitors”, he said. “But simply copying the history of Champagne or its collective intelligence is not possible. [The wine produced] will be something very good, but it will be different. And that takes time. »

Although the US overtook the UK last year as France’s top champagne export market, UK demand remains strong. “The UK continues to drink champagne despite Brexit,” Panigai said.

Couvreur, which produces 30,000 bottles of champagne a year, said he was equally confident, recalling what he described as a temporary fad for sparkling wines from Belgium, Spain or Australia, despite having more respect for Italian prosecco makers.

“Global warming does not move the soil. . . it just moves the dates,” he said. “The demand for sparkling wine continues to grow.”

The federal government’s eighth report on the state of high tide flooding is its most stark assessment yet, detailing rising trends in rising seas pouring into coastal cities.

Earlier this month, scientists at NOAA’s National Ocean Service – the agency’s water counterpart to the National Weather Service – reported three- and five-fold increases since 2000 in high-tide flooding on sunny days. for the southeastern United States and the western Gulf Coast, respectively. Despite an ongoing La Niña in the eastern Pacific, which may temporarily dampen sea levels along the U.S. coast, the frequency of relentless saltwater flooding – unrelated to extreme weather – has continued to accelerate in the United States in 2022.

Report highlights alarming growth in chronic flooding in sunny weather at nearly 100 NOAA-monitored tidal locations along the U.S. coast, testing the ability of modern infrastructure to gradually adapt to contain high tides increasingly disruptive and destructive. The latest outlook predicts flooding on sunny days – now occurring around once every two months in any given location, on average nationwide – will become as common as every other day by the end of traditional mortgages. 30 years from today.

Sea level rise driven by global warming

Several factors affect differences in local sea level rise, including land subsidence and the slowing of the Gulf Stream current along the east coast, especially along the southern extension of the Gulf Stream known as Florida current name.

But even in places like South Florida, prone to both subsidence and fluctuations in the nearby Florida Current, government scientists estimate that the vast majority – about 8cm of the 11cm rise in past 20 years – is due to warming oceans and melting land ice. of global climate change. The octopus in the parking garage may be the modern canary in the coal mine for rising seas, with sea life swept up by the rising tides and bubbling through the porous bedrock below.

The latest report complements an extensive NOAA task force report released last February updating sea level projections for the U.S. coastline based on climate change scenarios outlined in the NOAA’s Sixth Assessment Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published last summer. These new updates, the first since 2017, build scientific confidence in the next century of deleterious consequences for U.S. coastal communities and ecosystems unless comprehensive mitigation measures are taken.

Rising seas and coastal populations…and future storm surges

The US population looking for permanent housing along the coasts is booming. Nearly 40% of the nation’s 330+ million live in a coastal county on land comprising less than 10% of the total land area of ​​the United States, excluding Alaska. In many hurricane and storm-surge prone areas along the gently sloping Gulf Coast, population and attendant wealth have soared. In Collier County on Florida’s southwest coast, home to Naples and one of the nation’s most prosperous communities, the population has soared nearly 1,000 percent in the past 50 years. An estimated 40% of Florida’s population is at risk of flooding from storm surges, with the highest concentration of per capita losses from storm surges along Florida’s southwest coastline.

Similar to lowering the ledge of a basketball goal (or raising the ground below the basket), rising seas will lower the bar for future storm “dunks”, making extreme flooding even worse. if the characteristics of the storms do not change. Recent studies conclude that damages from storm surges and sea level rise under a moderate global warming scenario could reach $1 trillion by the end of the century in the United States, especially on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. In an extreme global warming scenario, these damages could reach $14 trillion worldwide without appropriate adaptation measures to reduce risk.

Added to the tidal wave of coastal concerns are the problems of climate change, which can accelerate the destructive feedback loop.

As government scientists noted in their annual high tide flood report, colder than average waters around the equator in the eastern Pacific – a phenomenon called La Niña – have reduced otherwise higher seas , especially on the west coast of the United States. This very persistent La Niña, in its third straight year and only the third triple dip in 73 years, has been a deceptive boon to chronic coastal flooding in recent years. Due to global warming, however, El Niño events – the warming of the eastern Pacific that can exacerbate sea levels along the east and west coasts – not La Niña events are expected to eventually become more frequent later this century. , although this question remains an active area of ​​research.

Meanwhile, scientists are seeing higher precipitation rates in tropical cyclones, especially near their centers where the winds are strongest. In an article published earlier this year in the journal Nature, scientists from Princeton University and MIT examined the combined impacts of worsening storm surges from rising seas and increased rainfall in tropical cyclones. The authors found an increase in the incidence of extreme flooding caused by tropical cyclones – up to 36 times in the southern United States and 195 times in the northeastern United States by the end of the century .

Disadvantaged populations – as so often – the hardest hit

Economically disadvantaged populations and communities of color are projected to be disproportionately exposed to coastal flooding from sea level rise in years to come. A 2021 study in the Journal of Climate Change and Health found that over the next three decades in North and South Carolina, rising sea levels could increase low-level flooding by up to 700 percent. in lower-income black communities compared to higher communities. income of white communities. These findings are consistent with extensive peer-reviewed research showing a higher risk of natural disasters for low-income households, under-resourced communities, and communities of color.

In recent years, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA, has explicitly prioritized the needs of historically underserved communities. In early August, the agency announced a $3 billion injection into federal flood mitigation and resilient infrastructure programs targeting communities most at risk.

Sea level rise remains one of the most visible and important spots of global warming. Its effects are vast and pervasive, and to ignore the rising tide is to dismiss the business card of climate change. Some changes are less noticeable, but in cities from Galveston to New Orleans, Miami to Charleston, Norfolk to Boston and the hamlets in between, the fingerprints of the speeding seas are unmistakable. And the costs – both ecological and economic – have never been higher… and are only expected to increase.

Michael Lowry is a hurricane specialist and storm surge expert with WPLG, the ABC affiliate in Miami, Florida. He is a former FEMA emergency management officer and senior scientist at the National Hurricane Center.

While this explanation may be partly true, it would be a sign of positive change. Christopher Paparo, director of the Marine Science Center at Stony Brook University, told CBS News in July, “If there are sharks in your area, that means it’s a healthy ecosystem.” The increase in shark encounters, particularly in the New York area, has caused some concern, but the actual risk sharks pose to humans is incredibly low – you are over 40 times more likely to die from being struck by lightning than being bitten by a shark – and the benefits of conserving these species and their habitats are enormous.

Ocean conservation is also only part of the story; the Fox Weather correspondent kind of glossed over why the sharks are showing up further north.

A recent study by Global Change Biology found that some sharks venture further north in the summer due to rising water temperatures. While tiger sharks don’t typically migrate much further north than Virginia, according to Smithsonian Magazine, “The study found that the northern edges of the tiger shark’s preferred water temperature range – which, according to measurements taken from shark tags fitted with a thermometer, is between 78 and 82 degrees – moved about 186 miles poleward during the cold season and about 248 miles poleward during the warm season over the past 40 years. This suggests that climate change may be playing an important role in increasing shark-human encounters. (Ocean conservation efforts are also important to manage the effects of global warming .)

Fox News’ climate change denial has only deepened as the effects of the warming atmosphere and oceans have become more apparent. The recent global heatwave has produced a slew of misinformation from Fox News personalities who continue to deny the dangerous reality of rising temperatures. The rise in shark attacks is just the latest story Fox News has used to distract from climate science and dismiss environmental protections, including another segment last month blaming conservationists. summer shark attacks.

We need conservation efforts to help deal with climate change because it’s not something we can fix with just a bigger boat.

Opinion: When it comes to climate change and global warming, some farmers need to let go of their views driven by “historical biases and a willful determination to ignore what’s happening around them”, writes retired farmer Geoff Prickett.

Earlier this month, The Country’s Jamie Mackay wrote about He Waka Eke Noa’s proposals.

The commentary included opinions from Jim Hopkins, Jane Smith and a response from Rod Carr who Mackay described as the “controversial” chair of the Committee on Climate Change.

I wonder if this discussion calls for further comment.

Yes, anyone who tries to change the political assumptions and biases of too many members of the farming community will undoubtedly be “controversial” in these neighborhoods.

That’s before you get to a storyteller, artist, and political wannabe who clings to a theme that serves all three purposes.

Twenty years ago, a previous Labor government tried to pursue the Kyoto Protocols on climate change.

As usual, the farmers were doing everything they could to slow down or block the process.

A Minister of Labor [Energy Minister Pete Hodgson] said at the time that “farmers should fear climate change, not Kyoto”.

That then was, what is now.

The consequences of global warming and climate change have arrived.

Unprecedented climatic events are causing enormous consequences and changes to agriculture and life around the world, and this is just beginning.

A central truth of climate change is that according to the original science and its predictions, climate change has been a long time in coming.

It is because of the natural momentum and the resisting power of nature.

Floods, droughts, heat waves, fires and storms have reached a new level of frequency and intensity.

And one thing is for sure, it’s only just begun.

We’ve moved quite quickly from a time when disbelief was an easy option to today where it feels like a stubborn and dangerous delusion.

Hopkins talks about the Dutch and their successful battle against the sea.

The Dutch have been waging their war for hundreds of years at a time of relative climatic stability and predictability.

Today’s calls to adapt to change are facing exponential change and today’s solutions will be threatened and overtaken by the unprecedented events and the speed of this change.

Too many farmers’ opinions are driven by historical biases and a deliberate desire to ignore what is happening around them.

Not all farmers, but certainly loud ones.

– Geoff Prickett is a retired farmer living on six acres on the Kapiti coast, after 10 years of farming, gathering, meat hunting and tractor driving in Australia and 47 years of farming in the district from Wairoa.

After two years of virtual events, Clarkson University Science Cafés will return in person this fall on Tuesday, September 20 in Canton and Wednesday, September 21 in Potsdam with Dinosaurs, asteroids and climate change.

The dinosaur-killing asteroid hit the Earth’s surface about 66 million years ago and brought a cascade of natural disasters, including widespread forest fires, a tsunami, an impact winter and a hypothetical period of sustained global warming. Using stable isotopic signatures preserved in microscopic fish fossils, we were able to test the global warming hypothesis and provide the first empirical evidence for warming following an asteroid impact. Join Associate Professor Quinton Page (Earth and Environmental Sciences, SUNY Potsdam) to learn how geologists study past climates and how this information can be used to understand the causes and consequences of modern climate change.

Then it’s The Green Rush: The Cannabis Business in Canton on Tuesday 4 October and on Wednesday 5 October in Potsdam.

You would think there would be nothing more to discuss about a plant first cultivated 12,000 years ago in Central Asia. Although consumed in virtually every culture, cannabis has a long and painful history of health issues, abuse and racial injustice, and now it offers us a new business model… CannaBusiness. Navigating laws (federal and state), socio-political conversations, and the twists and turns of the shift from the black market to the gray market, the cannabis industry is expected to generate $1.25 billion in tax revenue over the next six years in the only New York State. Join Associate Professor Christa Haifley (Business Administration, SUNY Potsdam) for an engaging evening of discussion about this emerging new industry.

On Tuesday 18 and Wednesday 19 October, it’s Protect drones from themselves and others.

Autonomous drones and rovers perform critical tasks for government agencies and emergency services, from fighting wildfires to exploring distant planets. Hacks and software bugs can disrupt vehicle operation by causing crashes or preventing successful completion of missions (for example, a sample is not collected or a camera is misaligned). How can an autonomous vehicle manage on its own in the face of such malfunctions? Join Assistant Professor Kevin Angstadt (Computer Science, Saint-Laurent) as he discusses drone technology and explores automatic techniques to help them recover from hacks and malfunctions.

Sustainability and politics: an economist’s point of view is the subject of Tuesday, November 1 and Wednesday, November 2.

Driven by the desire for private economic gain (the “invisible hand”), human activities have been a central cause of local and global environmental change. Environmental policies are the “visible hand” that directs human activities in such a way as to minimize socio-economic losses while promoting the equitable distribution of those losses. Join Assistant Professor Qingran Li (Economics and Finance, Clarkson) as she speaks from an economist’s perspective on sustainability and how economic research can inform environmental policy design.

The last Science Cafe of the season, Cutting-edge surveyswill be held on Tuesday 15 and Wednesday 16 November.

In 1930, legal precedent was set for the use of tool marks in US courts, stating that “the edge of one blade differs as much from the edge of another as the lines of a human hand differ from lines of another” (Washington, 1930). But how unique are these features when interpreted from evidence of tool marks in bone? Saws are one of the most common tools encountered in forensic anthropological investigations, especially in dismemberment cases. Investigators need to understand how saws create marks, determine what those marks convey about features on a blade, and then assess the accuracy of those features to identify a saw or group of saws.

Join Assistant Professor Alicia Grosso (Physical Therapy, Clarkson) as she examines how microscopic analysis of saw marks helps forensic anthropologists identify potential saw blades in forensic investigations.

Traditionally, science cafés have brought together professors from local universities and colleges and townspeople in relaxed, informal settings, such as cafes and pubs. The speaker will present on a topic in their field and, as always, there will be plenty of time for questions and discussion.

Canton events will be held Tuesdays at 7:15 p.m. in the Rushton Conference Room at the Best Western University Inn at 90 E. Main Street, Canton. Potsdam events are held Wednesdays at 7:15 p.m. in the Potsdam Civic Center Community Hall at 2 Park St.

Would you like to be added to our mailing list and receive regular information and reminders? Just email [email protected] and ask us to add you to the list.

The Science Café is sponsored by Clarkson University School of Arts & Sciences, Potsdam NY.

The BDN Opinion section operates independently and does not set newsroom policies or contribute to the writing or editing of articles elsewhere in the newspaper or on bangordailynews.com.

John M. Fitzgerald of Sedgwick is the attorney for the non-profit organization Methane Action. He also sits on the boards of the Climate Protection and Restoration Initiative and the Environmental Investigation Agency.

Climate change is causing unprecedented heat, drought, fires, floods and health effects. Both carbon dioxide and methane hit record highs last year. Methane alone is responsible for at least 30% of global warming and its impact on the climate is several times greater than that of CO2. Methane levels are rising rapidly and are higher today than at any time for which we have records (800,000 years).

The President should enact the Cut Inflation Act which includes massive support for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but the planet is warming so fast that we need to find ways not only to add less pollution, but also to eliminate large amounts of the most powerful greenhouse effect. gases, such as methane, to be able to restore a healthy climate. Our Congressional delegation could make sure of that.

Meanwhile, at least 18 states have enacted laws making it harder to vote. Some give their secretaries of state the power to alter election results without evidence of voter fraud. These are also states whose congressional delegations generally oppose climate legislation.

Maine led ahead. Rufus King, who was born in Scarborough, represented Massachusetts in the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention in 1787. He demanded an end date in the Constitution for the importation of slaves and outlawed slavery in the new states du Nord in the Northwest Ordinance.

Maine sent more men per capita than any other northern state to fight and die in the Civil War, to secure freedom and the right to vote for enslaved Americans.

Maine Senator Edmund Muskie co-authored our most powerful environmental laws.

Now the country needs Maine’s leadership again.

Senator Susan Collins is a senior member of the Senate Appropriations Committee. It determines the amount and use of funding from federal agencies. She did not vote for the Cut Inflation Act, but she introduced bills to protect the integrity of elections, voters’ choice of voters, and the CREST Act, S. 4422, to accelerate several ways to remove carbon dioxide.

Senator Angus King co-sponsored S. 4422 and sits on the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee to which it was referred. He could strengthen the bill to require that it accelerate the removal of methane as well as carbon dioxide, as many scientific and political experts have recommended. They say we need to accelerate research and development of specific methane removal and governance methods for all climate interventions.

King also sits on the Rules and Administration Committee which has jurisdiction over most election laws. He could propose provisions to help enforce the 14th Amendment, which prohibits insurgents and officials who gave them aid and comfort from performing their duties again. That could include the eight senators and 139 members of the House of Representatives who voted for at least one of the resolutions to replace duly elected voters in Pennsylvania or Arizona as part of efforts to restore President Donald Trump.

The 14th Amendment also requires that state congressional delegations that restrict the right to vote in any state or federal election in any way be reduced commensurate with their discrimination. King could also propose provisions enforcing this clause by reducing state delegations limiting voting access.

Rep. Chellie Pingree chairs the Interior and Environment Subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee. He leads the Environmental Protection Agency, Department of the Interior, and Forest Service in everything they do, including reducing and eliminating climate pollutants. He could expand and fund Collins’ climate bill, and order the EPA to require the removal of methane, as well as the removal of carbon dioxide, and work with other countries to make likewise. Removing methane would moderate global warming and also reduce ground-level ozone, which harms human health and reduces crop yields.

Rep. Jared Golden serves on the Armed Services and Small Business Committees. He could encourage the Navy, Naval Academy, Maine Maritime Academy and Bath Iron Works to work with the EPA and Department of Energy to test and deploy methane removal methods. Researchers from the universities of Stanford, Cambridge and Copenhagen are demonstrating methods to enhance natural methane oxidation to remove methane rapidly at large scale and cost-effectively. But methane phase-out needs more funding to move toward deployment.

Golden could encourage the Small Business Administration to help train technicians to install methane filters near sources of emissions. This technology is being developed for livestock barns, sewage treatment plants, landfills, coal, oil and gas infrastructure.

Members of the Maine delegation are in a position to offer solutions, and they must act quickly, before the forces now at work tilt our democracy and our climate.

More articles from the BDN

Long-lasting drought and rising production costs have tested Californian farmers this year.

Fertilizer is one of the biggest expenses for a farmer. In the past year alone, the price of nitrogen fertilizers has doubled due to supply issues.

Despite the high cost, fertilizers are a necessary expense for farmers to ensure their crops produce enough food to meet growing demand. But nitrogen fertilizers also pose significant environmental threats.

“The problem is that more than half of everything we put on the ground runs off and goes into our water sources,” said Eduardo Blumwald, a distinguished professor of plant science at UC Davis.

This can lead to contaminated drinking water, excessive plant and algae growth, and even increased greenhouse gases.

“Nitrate (a product of fertilizer) can be broken down in the soil by bacteria and produce nitrous oxide gas,” Blumwald said. “It actually dissolves our ozone layer. And that can become a maximum contributor to global warming.”

The Blumwald research team has spent the last few years working on a solution to the monetary and environmental cost of using these fertilizers. Simply put: they are looking for ways to use less while maintaining plant productivity.

To do this, they enlist the help of bacteria that naturally exist in fertile soil.

“The bacterium takes nitrogen from the air, produces ammonium, the plant takes ammonium. If the plant takes ammonium produced by the bacterium, you have to put less nitrogen in the soil” , Blumwald said.

Rice plants are modified to create an environment where soil bacteria can thrive. These changes do not alter the DNA of the plant, so the rice produced has the same taste and nutritional value.

Blumwald’s lab has already proven that this method works on a small scale in the lab. He said the next step is to bring in industry partners who could help with further testing and possibly growing this crop on commercial farms.

If that happens, Blumwald says American farmers could save billions of dollars each year.

“If we could supply just 10% of the nitrogen the plant needs by doing this, American farmers alone could save $10 billion to $15 billion a year,” Blumwald said.

Blumwald said his lab will also soon expand to work on mazes and wheat plants.

SEOUL, Aug 11 (Reuters) – The heaviest rains in Seoul in 115 years prompted the South Korean capital to relaunch a $1.15 billion plan to improve drainage after flooding revealed how even affluent Gangnam district is vulnerable to extreme weather conditions due to climate change.

Experts say the city’s ability to drain water falls far short of what is needed to cope with a deluge like the one experienced this week. This has dire implications for low-lying areas like Gangnam as such bouts of extreme weather are becoming more and more common.

Torrential rains this week killed at least 11 people in the north of the country on Thursday morning. The downpour, which started on Monday and moved south on Wednesday, knocked out power, caused landslides and flooded roads and subways. Read more

Monetary estimates of damage were still being compiled.

Following the downpour, Seoul Mayor Oh Se-hoon announced on Wednesday that the city would spend 1.5 trillion won ($1.15 billion) over the next decade to build six huge tunnels underground to store and evacuate rainwater to prevent flooding.

“The damage caused by this record rainfall shows that there are limits to short-term water control measures when unusual weather patterns due to global warming have become common,” Mayor Oh said, promising to establish a city-wide system capable of handling 100 mm (3.94 in) of rainfall per hour from the current 95 mm.

The city’s development has resulted in an increase in pavement and impermeable surfaces, leading to higher runoff and more flooding. More than 50% of Seoul’s land is impervious, with a much higher figure in the affluent Gangnam district with wide boulevards and office buildings, experts said.

“It’s always a seesaw game between cost and safety,” said Moon Young-il, a professor of civil engineering at Seoul University. “We have to find a balance point and 100mm seems quite reasonable.”

Seoul had no detailed plan for water control as it grew from a city of 2-3 million people in the 1960s to a city of more than 10 million in the 1990s, a said Moon.

The underground tunnels were originally proposed in 2011 after heavy rains and landslides killed 16 people, many of them in Gangnam. But the plan was put on hold due to declining rainfall and budget issues in subsequent years.

The city of Seoul also plans to ban basement or basement apartments after three family members, including a woman with intellectual disabilities, drowned in their home on Monday. Read more

The calamitous wet weather prompted President Yoon Suk-yeol to hold a series of meetings with officials this week, to find fundamental ways to improve South Korea’s preparedness against similar climate-change-induced disasters.

Warmer weather increases humidity levels in the air, leading to more intense precipitation. So while there has been little change in annual rainfall over the past four decades, the frequency of heavy rains in Seoul has increased by 27 percent since the 2000s, according to a 2021 report from the Seoul Institute.

“It was indeed extreme weather. But we can no longer call this kind of weather event unusual,” President Yoon said at a meeting on Wednesday. “The biggest and highest record can be broken at any time.”

($1 = 1,302.2400 won)

Reporting by Heejung Jung, Minwoo Park and Soo-hyang Choi; Editing by Josh Smith and Simon Cameron-Moore

Our standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.

Could a type of cheese help strengthen your bones?

Enjoying just two slices of Jarlsberg cheese each day can help ward off osteoporosis, according to a small Norwegian study.

The bone-thinning protective effect of cheese appears to be a benefit exclusive to Jarlsberg, and just 2 ounces a day appears to be enough to protect bone health, the investigators reported.

“Jarlsberg cheese could have a prophylactic effect on osteopenia and metabolic diseases,” said lead researcher Dr Helge Einar Lundberg, from Skjetten Medical Center in Skjetten. “This needs to be further investigated in a long-term study in a larger population of older women and men at risk of developing osteoporosis.”

Learn more here:

Weightlifting Can Protect Your Bones If You’re Vegan

Although a plant-based diet may be associated with lower bone mineral density and increased fracture risk, there might be a way to counter this: pumping iron.

New research from Austria shows that vegans who lift weights or do strength training have stronger bones than vegans who only do other forms of exercise like cycling or swimming.

“Veganism is a global trend with a sharply increasing number of people around the world adhering to a purely plant-based diet,” said Dr. Christian Muschitz, of St. Vincent’s Hospital Vienna and the Medical University of Vienna. .

Learn more here:

Scientists can now find out why red meat increases the risk of heart disease

A daily burger may increase the risk of developing heart disease, but not necessarily for the reasons people often think, according to new research.

The study of nearly 4,000 older Americans found what many had before: People who ate a lot of red meat had an increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

But there was no evidence that the link was due to a traditional culprit: high blood levels of “bad” cholesterol.

Instead, the researchers traced the risk, in part, to particular substances produced by the gut microbiome – the trillions of bacteria that reside in the digestive tract.

Learn more here:

Had a kidney stone? This diet can help prevent another

Anyone who’s ever had a kidney stone never wants a repeat of the blinding pain that occurs when it passes. Now, a new study maps out a diet that may help guard against that.

The cornerstones of this diet include eating plenty of potassium-containing foods, along with a few servings of low-fat dairy products daily, to get enough calcium. Potassium-rich fruits and vegetables that might help include bananas, oranges, grapefruit, apricots, mushrooms, peas, cucumbers, zucchini, and melons like cantaloupe and honeydew.

To arrive at these recommendations, Mayo Clinic researchers used data from questionnaires completed by patients with kidney stones between 2009 and 2018.

Learn more here:

Study shows global warming will mean more unhealthy children around the world

Children aren’t as physically fit as their parents were when they were kids, and it’s likely to harm them as the Earth warms, new research suggests.

The findings are based on a comprehensive review of more than 150 studies that looked at how children maintain physical activity, exercise and cope with heat, and how that might change as global temperatures rise. The research was published Aug. 5 in the journal Temperature.

“Fitter adults are better able to tolerate higher temperatures, due to a combination of physiological, behavioral and psychological factors,” said Shawnda Morrison, an environmental exercise physiologist at the Slovenian University of Ljubljana. .

Learn more here:

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